Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a widely used reverse genetics approach for studying gene function in plants. The technique utilizes engineered viral vectors to trigger sequence-specific degradation of target messenger RNA (mRNA), resulting in temporary suppression of gene ...Learn More

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is a widely studied medicinal plant in natural product and phytochemistry research. Its seeds are a well-known source of bioactive compounds collectively referred to as silymarin, a complex mixture of flavonolignans that has attracted significant ...Learn More

Plant-derived exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles (EVs) naturally secreted by plant cells, typically ranging from 30 to 150 nm in diameter. These vesicles carry bioactive components including proteins, lipids, RNAs, and secondary metabolites, and participate in critical ...Learn More

Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation is a core technique in modern plant genetic engineering, widely used for crop improvement, gene function analysis, and transgenic plant development. This method utilizes the natural ability of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer ...Learn More

In plant molecular biology, the selection of a plant expression vector is often treated as a technical prerequisite rather than an experimental decision. In reality, vector choice directly shapes expression behavior, cellular responses, and ultimately the interpretation of ...Learn More